Pdf compaction of soils is a major construction activity in civil engineering. Every place where humans and machines exist, and the infrastructures which support them are built, soil compaction is present. Similar to other grouting technologies, compaction grouting is a technology based on sound engineering principles, not a black magic that can only be understood by a chosen few. Manual of soil laboratory testing 314 every different degree of compaction on a particular soil results in a different compaction curve, each with unique values of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Subgrade soils prior to the application of topsoil see permanent seeding and stabilization notes for topsoil requirements shall be free of excessive compaction to a depth of 6. Soils field testing dig a hole with the auger, trowel, or other tools test hole must be approx.
Soils field testing north dakota department of transportation. Soil compaction proficiency testing program 201669. What to do about compacted soil gretchen voyle and hal hudson, michigan state university extension gardeners are sometimes unaware of the problems soil compaction can cause in lawns, flower beds and gardens. Microscopic observation on compacted sandy soil using. The total input energy for the five lifts is 5 x 375 1875 ftlbs on a soil sample with a volume of th cubic foot. Currently, the proctor test is used primarily by civil engineers to.
Soil compaction 2016 69 proficiency testing program report. Proctor soil compaction test procedures, tools and results. Pdf static compaction of soils with varying clay content. Proctor compaction test summary for each sample, measure the weight and the water content of the soil in the mold the mold volume and weight are. Compaction test of soil is carried out using proctors test to understand compaction characteristics of different soils with change in moisture content. Compaction of soil is an important process, as it helps it of achieve certain physical properties necessary for its proper behaviour under loading. Compaction of soil process, necessity and theory of compaction. Compaction of soil test methods of soil compaction and. All participants nominated the test methods used as as 1289. Tires, traction and compaction certified crop adviser. The optimum water content owc is the amount of water required to produce a maximum dry density mdd from the test procedure.
Standard test method for the one dimensional consolidation testing of soils 33. To assess the amount of compaction of soil and water content required in the field, compaction tests are done on the same soil in the laboratory. Im 216 guidelines for determining the acceptability of test results. These documents were based on existing compaction testing methods gathered in the literature. Repeat this step 8 to 10 times in the lawn or garden which is being considered for testing. The line of optimum moisture contents is usually around 85% saturation and the optimum moisture content decreases with increasing compactive effort. Table 81 testing locations, soil types and compaction devices. Soil health is a keystone for fi eld management, building a soil that will provide the optimal productivity for a crop, and a soil that can recover from disturbance and stress. Two measurements were taken at each site, the first one at the 3 depth and the second at the 6 depth.
Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modi. Compaction tests results vary with the input compactive effort, usually measured in foot pounds per cubic foot of soil. Compaction increases the shear strength of the soil. Plants do not grow as well as they should, developing inadequate root systems. Pdf soil compaction was estimated on 17 construction sites and bulk densities were measured from the soil surface to depths of 1. Proctor test components are shown 25 blows were exerted per lift, which equals 25 x 15 375 ftlbs.
For instance, a compaction test similar to the bs light test but using, say, 50 blows per layer. Surface compaction compaction that occurs in the surface plow layer. The moisture content dry density relationship of the soil obtained from proctors test forms the basis for specification and field compaction control. Heavily compacted soils contain few large pores, less total pore volume and consequently a greater density. Compaction of soil is the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type becomes most dense and achieve its maximum dry density by removal of air voids. The aim of the dynamic penetration tests performed. Specifications for field compaction in most specifications for earthwork, the contractor is instructed to achieve a compacted field dry unit weight of 90 to 98% of the maximum dry unit weight determined in the laboratory by either the standard or modified proctor test. Compaction definitions soil compaction decrease in soil volume and porosity, or increase in soil bulk density, due to mechanical stress on soil, for example, from traffic of agricultural machinery. Soil compaction is the most prevalent of all soil constraints on shade and street tree growth. The procedure is repeated at various water contents until a. A study of the static compaction of soils with varying clay contents revealed that static compaction is more efficient than dynamic compaction for clayey soils zhemchuzhnikov and dal toe. Compaction nuclear density construction standard using a minimum 4000 lb sheepsfoot compactor to penetrate full. Moisture density curves for the compaction of granular soils. Guidance for soil construction standards and testing.
Tests and inspections shall include, but not be limited to. T 224 correction for coarse particles in the soil compaction test. Scope of services compaction testing, soils investigations. Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space between them figure 1. Soil, water and forage testing laboratory department of soil. All participants reported that they used the a sized mould and hand compacted. Test methods attachment i lists the test methods that will be used to test soils, granular soil, and aggregates. Compaction of soil is the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the particles and reduce the void ratio and increase soil density. If the soil is cohesive in nature, the indot family of curves may be used. If the soil is plastic in your hand, leaves small traces of moisture on your fingers and stays in one piece when dropped, it has too much moisture for compaction. Soil compaction occurs when the soil structure is compressed, thereby reducing the number and size of the pore spaces between particles figure 1.
Compaction testing, soils investigations, drilling and well construction schedule a 1 the contractor shall provide qualified personnel to test and inspect the quality and placement of fill materials on the projects specified by the engineer within eighteen 18 hours of notice. When we set out to alleviate compaction, we measured. This article demonstrates how compaction tests are performed in the laboratory to generate compaction curves for a specific soil type. During compaction, the mold shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform, rigid, and stable foundation or base. Compaction testing of granular material open prairie sdsu.
Compacted soil columns for foundations on collapsible soils. Drop aashto t 191 density of soil inplace by the sandcone method. The moisture content is of funda mental importance in soil compaction. Mix all collected soil thoroughly, removing any roots or other visible plant materials and place 2. Soil compaction compaction is the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the particles and reduce the void ratio. Compaction can be diagnosed by visually assessing a soil profile. Th ough soil compaction was the driver of our project, soil quality and health are more than just compaction. The densifi cation and distortion of soil by which total and airfilled porosity are reduced, causing deterioration or loss of one or more so il functions van. Section 02220 trenching, backfilling and compaction of utilities page 022205 city of lynchburg, va manual of specifications and standard details december 2016 astm d 2922 test methods for density of soil and soilaggregate in place by nuclear methods shallow depth.
Soil moisturedensity relationship standard and modified proctor tests. The easiest way for a homeowner to test for soil compaction is to plunge a soil probe or hollow metal pipe into the soil. Optimizing the value of soil compaction testing quality assurance. Tires, traction and compaction jodi dejonghughes, university of minnesota extension 1. Compaction of soil purpose and effects of soil compaction. After the technician has conducted a field test to determine the actual field density of an embankment layer, a representative sample of soil, approximately 7 pounds, is removed from the area around the test site. Standard proctor test, the soil is compacted by a 5. This base shall remain stationary during the compaction process. On july 16, 2002 a soil compaction test was performed on each site. At the top of the form is an area that allows the user to switch between the different units. This is specification for relative compaction, which can be expressed as.
This is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. The test provides a relationship between the water content and the dry density. Compaction of soil process, necessity and theory of. What to do about compacted soil college of agriculture. Proctor standard pdf modified proctor compaction test. If performed improperly, settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance costs or structural failure. Each of the following has been found to be a satisfactory base on which to rest the mold during compaction of the soil. Keep the soil in an airtight container for about 18 to 20 hours for maturing. A curve is drawn between the water content and the dry density to obtain the maximum dry density and the optimum water content. Correction for coarse particles in the soil compaction test. Refer to contract documents for contractor qc testing requirements. This section includes a sample of each of the odot forms used for submitting samples and reporting test results.
And, like all other soil improvement techniques, compaction grouting. The forms can accommodate two different formats, metric and english. Methods of testing compaction of soil standard proctors test for compaction of soil. Next, cut a core or divot 6 inches deep into the soil and place soil in a clean plastic container. Soil compaction 2017 76 proficiency testing program report.
Aashto t 99 moisturedensity relations of soils using a 2. The inplace dry density is expressed as a percentage of soils maximum dry. Im 309 determining standard proctor moisture density relationship of soils. Soil compaction can be detected by visual assessment, by using a cone penetromenterhand probe and by measuring soil physical properties related to soil compactness the extent of soil compaction. Compaction of fine grained soils using the proctor. Soil compaction in urban areas is often caused by the use of heavy equipment during construction and constant traffic foot or equipment in existing landscapes. Add water to it to bring the water content to about 4% if the soil is sandy and to about 8% if the soil is clayey. There are few soil areas we see without some degree of soil compaction.
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